In the present study, the main purpose is the Qualitative study on garbage collection in Tehran city. It has been done by Qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. Economic factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

Ticks are important ectoparasites in equids which causes economic losses in animal husbandry of Iran and worldwide. This study was aimed to determine frequency and species diversity of hard ticks in equids in Turkman sahra, Iran. 240 equids were randomly selected and examined from 2018-2019. Ixodid ticks were collected from body surface of examined animals and identified. Of all examined equids, 37.91% horses, and 4.16% donkeys were infested with a total number of 357 ixodid ticks. Tick indices (tick number per animal) were 3.53.  The highest prevalence of hard ticks was found in ≥3 years-old equids in the region. There was significant difference between prevalence and different age groups of infested animals. Of all examined ticks (357), three genera including Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus spp. and Dermacentor spp. with four species. i.e. Hyalomma anatolicum (65.26%), H. marginatum (10.64%), Rhipicephalus bursa (22.12%) and Dermacentor marginatus (1.96%) were identified. Ixodid ticks’ infestations occured throughout the year with the highest prevalence in spring. There was significant difference between prevalence of hard ticks and seasons in this study. The results revealed that species diversity and ixodid ticks’ infestations were prevalent in the equids of Turkman sahra, Iran.

Background and Aim: Cigarette smoking is a global problem, but is decreasing in most developed countries. Reports from the East Mediterranean show that unlike the 5 other WHO regions, cigarette smoking has not decreased in this particular zone. There is a vital need to address the problem, especially in the adolescent population. This Qualitative study looks at the motives behind the smoking tendency in boys aged 13-15.Materials and Methods: The study consisted of 6 focus group discussions performed in Tehran orientation (intermediate) schools; participants were male students aged 13 to 15 years. Purposeful sampling was used to draw in participants who were willing and able to take part in the group discussions. Each group was composed of 6-8 students, whose voices were recorded to determine themes and subthemes.Results: Family and social factors have a more prominent role in creating the smoking tendency compared to individual factors. The most important elements are family history of smoking, having friends who smoke, poor parental control, conflicts at home, divorced parents, failure to consult with parents, easy availability and relative cheapness of cigarettes, and lack of information.Conclusion: Serious attention must be paid to the social and family factors in the initiation of the smoking habit. Social and political institutions must come up with effective programs to control the social and family factors that have a role in creating the smoking tendency.

The most important method for behavior recognition of recurrent maps is to plot bifurcation diagram. In conventional method used for plotting bifurcation diagram, a couple of time series for different values of model parameter have been generated and these points have been plotted with due respect to it after transient state. It does not have enough accuracy necessary for period detection and essential for discrimination between long periodic behaviors from chaotic behaviors; on the other hand because of being 2-dimensinal, it will not be possible to investigate the effect if the initial condition is in the basin of attraction. In this research, a new bifurcation diagram is presented which is called: Qualitative Bifurcation Diagram (QBD). QBD provides accurate determination of periodicity. Results of our algorithm implementation on logistic map, represents its ability on determining long periods and period windows. Bifurcation diagram of logistic map does not obey mosaic tiling patterns (patterns that are created by arrangement not interaction) as a disciplinein addition to having the dynamic order. Some benefits of QBD are: long period discrimination, period window detection, computation time reduction, period presentation instead of amplitude show. In the following we have an analytical survey to Lyapunov exponent – as a usual measurement tool for chaotic behavior – and important notes are expressed. Finally, Recurrent Quantification Analysis (RQA) and QBD are compared.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of violence in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a Qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of violence play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of violence (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double violence for them (core category); violence that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased violence happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual violence and even social isolation (consequences).

As stated in the first part of article, we have stated the four major philosophical paradigms which make up the basis for knowledge (epistemology), the nature and reality (ontology) and the acquisition methods of knowledge (methodology). Thus, according to each paradigm, approach to knowledge is determined. In a more general category, we have two quantitative and Qualitative paradigms. Today that method is called quantitative or scientific method, derived from positivism. On this basis, only the experimental scientific method is valid method of research. On the other hand, Qualitative methods focused on natural position, therefore, these studies are sometimes called naturalistic study.Since paradigmatic confrontation occurs in fundamental questions of each paradigm, researchers use different sources to determine two paradigms' answer to basic questions, and tables are made to comprise them. Finally the importance of each was emphasized.

Background and Objective: The ethical behavior of students in medical sciences universities reflects the respected values of the educational system of these universities. Appropriate ethical behavior in medical universities leads medical students to adopt an appropriate paradigm and apply this type of behavior to society after graduation. The purpose of this article is to identify medical students' perceptions of ethical behavior. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the Ethical Behavior of Medical Students in the Hospital. Methods: The present study was performed with a Qualitative approach using conventional content analysis for data analysis. Sampling was performed in an easy and accessible manner by selecting 19 students from Shiraz School of Nursing and Midwifery. The data collection method was a semi-structured interview. Word-of-mouth recorded interviews were implemented. Content analysis (using MAXQDA software) was used to reduce the data, record the data, obtain the analytical code, and finally identify the issues. Results: The findings of the data analysis ended in the following categories: conscientiousness (including conscientiousness in the educational environment, conscientiousness in the Hospital and conscientiousness in society), respect and benevolence (including respect and benevolence in the educational environment, respect and benevolence). Conclusion: Overall, students' perceptions in this study showed that, based on their perceptions, ethical behavior encompasses a wide range of contexts. They overlap with these themes. It was clear to the students that observing ethical behavior in the Hospital was more important than the non-clinical setting.